What are the three methods of heat transfer?

The three methods of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation.

Conduction is the process through which heat moves directly through a solid material. When one part of a solid heats up, the heat energy is transferred to adjacent molecules, causing them to vibrate more rapidly, thus propagating the heat through the material. An example of this is when a metal spoon is placed in a hot pot of soup; the heat from the soup is conducted up the spoon.

Convection involves the transfer of heat through fluids (which can be liquids or gases) caused by the movement of the fluid itself. In this process, warmer, less dense fluid rises while cooler, denser fluid sinks. This creates a circulation pattern, allowing heat to be distributed throughout the fluid. For example, in a boiling pot of water, the hot water at the bottom rises to the surface, while cooler water moves down to take its place.

Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. Unlike conduction and convection, radiation does not require a medium to transfer heat, meaning it can occur even in a vacuum, such as the heat from the sun reaching the Earth.

These three mechanisms explain how thermal energy is exchanged in various contexts, making this concept fundamental in fields